Sanskrit scholar and poet Bāṇabhaṭṭa (in Harṣacarita and in Kādambari), in Bhāsa's Cārudatta and in Śūdraka's Mṛcchakatika 18–21: Tantra (Vajrayāna) or Tantric Buddhism Įxtensive knowledge of principles of reality Thread, text beneficial action or thing Ĭhinese Buddhist canon (Vol. Sabarasvamin's commentary on Mimamsa Sutra 11.1.1, 11.4.1 etc. Worship techniques ( Tantrodbhuta) Dubious link to Tantric practices. Īśvarakṛṣṇa author of Sānkhya Kārikā ( kārikā 70)ĭoctrine (identifies Sankhya as a tantra) ĭeep understanding or mastery of a topic The various contextual meanings of the word Tantra vary with the Indian text and are summarized in the appended table.Īppearance of the term "Tantra" in Indian textsĮssence (or "main part", perhaps denoting the quintessence of the Sastras) The same Buddhist texts are sometimes referred to as tantra or sutra for example, Vairocabhisambodhi-tantra is also referred to as Vairocabhisambodhi-sutra. The term "Tantra" after about 500 BCE, in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism is a bibliographic category, just like the word Sutra (which means "sewing together", mirroring the metaphor of "weaving together" in Tantra). In the Smritis and epics of Hinduism (and Jainism), the term means "doctrine, rule, theory, method, technique or chapter" and the word appears both as a separate word and as a common suffix, such as atma-tantra meaning "doctrine or theory of Atman (Self)". In these and post-Vedic texts, the contextual meaning of Tantra is that which is "principal or essential part, main point, model, framework, feature". It is found in many other Vedic era texts, such as in section 10.7.42 of the Atharvaveda and many Brahmanas. The word appears in the hymns of the Rigveda such as in 10.71, with the meaning of " warp (weaving)". It implies "interweaving of traditions and teachings as threads" into a text, technique or practice. This term is based on the metaphor of weaving, states Ron Barrett, where the Sanskrit root tan means the warping of threads on a loom. The connotation of the word tantra to mean an esoteric practice or religious ritualism is a colonial era European invention. Therefore, by extension, it can also mean "system", "doctrine", or "work". According to Padoux, the verbal root Tan means: "to extend", "to spread", "to spin out", "weave", "display", "put forth", and "compose". Tantra ( Sanskrit: तन्त्र) literally means "loom, warp, weave". In Buddhism, tantra has influenced the art and iconography of Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism, as well as historic cave temples of India and the art of Southeast Asia. Hindu texts describing these topics are called Tantras, Āgamas or Samhitās. Hindu temple building also generally conforms to the iconography of tantra. Ĭertain modes of non- Vedic worship such as Puja are considered tantric in their conception and rituals. Tantric Hindu and Buddhist traditions have also influenced other Eastern religious traditions such as Jainism, the Tibetan Bön tradition, Daoism, and the Japanese Shintō tradition. Although Southern Esoteric Buddhism does not directly reference the tantras, its practices and ideas parallel them. They include Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Chinese Esoteric Buddhism, Japanese Shingon Buddhism and Nepalese Newar Buddhism. In Buddhism, the Vajrayana traditions are known for tantric ideas and practices, which are based on Indian Buddhist Tantras. There are tantric lineages in all main forms of modern Hinduism, such as the Shaiva Siddhanta tradition, the Shakta sect of Shri Vidya, the Kaula, and Kashmir Shaivism. Starting in the early centuries of the common era, newly revealed Tantras centering on Vishnu, Shiva or Shakti emerged. A key feature of these traditions is the use of mantras, and thus they are commonly referred to as Mantramārga ("Path of Mantra") in Hinduism or Mantrayāna ("Mantra Vehicle") and Guhyamantra ("Secret Mantra") in Buddhism. The term tantra, in the Indian traditions, also means any systematic broadly applicable "text, theory, system, method, instrument, technique or practice". Tantra ( / ˈ t æ n t r ə/ Sanskrit: तन्त्र, lit.'expansion-device, salvation-spreader loom, weave, warp') refers to an esoteric yogic tradition that developed on the Indian subcontinent from the middle of the 1st millennium CE onwards in both Hinduism and Buddhism.
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